Physician Assisted Suicide As A Suicide - 1587 Words

The Merriam Webster dictionary defines â€Å"physician assisted suicide as a suicide by a patient facilitated by means or information (as a drug prescription or indication of the lethal dosage) provided by a physician who is aware of how the patient intends to use such means or information.† The physician provides necessary information about drugs and patient performs the act of suicide. Letting someone die requires justification and involves personal as well as social concerns. The federal government does not have any law on the assisted suicide, since enactment of regulation of people and institution in the medical profession are managed at state level (Clarke, concept 3, slide 35, bullet 1). Oregan became the first US state to enact PAS in 1994 by passing Death and Dignity Act. Three other states Montana, Vermont, and Washington have similar Acts in effect. California has just signed End of Life Option Act in October2015, and the law will be in effect by 2016. Common legal guidelines for the Act include that patient must be capable of making decisions for him/herself, and must be diagnosed with a terminal illness that will lead to death within six months. Currently, the four states in the US legalized physician assisted suicide policy and one state is in the process of legalizing, while forty-five states consider assisted suicide illegal (State by State Guide, 2015). So, the physician-assisted suicide is not legal in the majority of the states. However, this health policy hasShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Physician Assisted Suicide926 Words   |  4 Pagesethics of physician assisted suicide since the late 18th century. According to medicinenet the definition of physician assisted suicide is â€Å"the voluntary termination of one s own life by administrating a lethal substance with the direct assistance of a physician.† This would typically come into play if/when a critically ill patient wants to end their suffering. Confirming with the State-by-State Guide to Physician-Assisted Suicide, 5 states have Paquin 2 Legalized physician assisted suicide. CaliforniaRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesrelentless pain and agony through physician assisted death? Physician-Assisted Suicide PAS is highly contentious because it induces conflict of several moral and ethical questions such as who is the true director of our lives. Is suicide an individual choice and should the highest priority to humans be alleviating pain or do we suffer for a purpose? Is suicide a purely individual choice? Having analyzed and even experience the effects of physician assisted suicide, I promote and fully support itsRead MoreEssay On Physician Assisted Suicide1549 Words   |  7 PagesWriting Project Worksheet 1. This paper will examine the Washington state policy of physician-assisted suicide. 2. State Info: (characteristics, size, culture, political culture, industries, features, etc. to explain state support of policy) Washington is a state in the northwestern United States with an estimated population of 7,288,000, as of July 1, 2016. Washington’s population is primarily white at 69% (not including Hispanics), with Hispanics comprising 12.4%, Asians 8.6%, and African AmericansRead MoreThe Treatment Of Physician Assisted Suicide1025 Words   |  5 Pagesprecious hour will give the loved ones a time to say goodbye just before they die with dignity in physician assisted suicide. Terminally ill patients have the right to end their own lives using physician assisted suicide (PAS) without repercussions of laws and people with opposing opinions. According to an article from CNN.com, there are currently five states in the U.S. where physician-assisted suicide is currently legal. In order to be eligible legally for PAS the patient must have six months orRead MorePersuasive Speech : Physician Assisted Suicide1308 Words   |  6 PagesCheyenne Jamison 4/19/17 Persuasive Speech Outline Topic: Physician Assisted Suicide Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to favor the legalization of Physician Assisted Suicide. Thesis: Physician Assisted Suicide is sometimes misunderstood due to how it is termed, but this is something that needs to be deeply evaluated and legalized in all 50 states. I. Introduction: A. Attention Material/Credibility Material: The John Hopkins News-Letter said in 2014 â€Å"What would you do if you only hadRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Is A Controversial Topic1929 Words   |  8 PagesOne may have heard of suicide, but not physician-assisted suicide. The two are very different in terms of the act of taking one’s own life. For instance, physician-assisted suicide is done with help from another person, usually a physician; where the doctor is willing to assist with either the means of how to take one’s own life or the actual act itself. This can either be by prescribing lethal doses of drugs to these patients who want to take their own life or by counseling these patients onRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal?810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Right to Die Having the right to life, also gives one the right to death. Outrageously, physician assisted suicide is illegal in all but five states in the U.S; including California, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Vermont; this law, violating rules of ethics, also defies morals. Some actions in the past, including women not having voting rights, and experimentation on prisoners and the mentally ill, also infringed upon ethics and morale. Women not being permitted to vote before theRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Physician Assisted Suicide1586 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Physician Assisted Suicide Is it Right or Wrong? The ethical issues of physician-assisted suicide are both emotional and controversial, as it ranks right up there with abortion. Some argue physician assisted suicide is ethically permissible for a dying person who has choosing to escape the unbearable suffering at the end of life. Furthermore, it is the physician’s duty to alleviate the patients suffering, which at times justifies providing aid-in -dying. These argumentsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Controversial Subject1692 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide is a controversial subject all around the world. Although it is legal in some countries and states, such as the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Oregon, Montana, Washington, and Vermont it is not yet legal in most (Finlay, 2011). People travel from all around the world to these locations to receive information. Physician-assisted suicide is when terminally ill and mentally capable patients perf orm the final act themselves after being provided with the required meansRead MoreA Research Study On Physician Assisted Suicide925 Words   |  4 Pagestheir patients, broke confidentiality, and misrepresented theirself. You Don’t Know Jack is a film about physician assisted suicide. Is it ethical to be able to end your life at any given point and time that you want? Should be allowed to legalized physician assisted suicide Jack is the physician in this movie that believes very strong in people being able to have the assistants of a physician to end their own life. Living Proof is a great film in my opinion. Dr. Slamon is a very compassionate doctor

Communication Differences Male vs. Female Free Essays

If you are a woman have you ever wondered why a man did not understand the way you worded something or communicated something to him. Or if you are a man, did you ever wonder why a woman said what she did or did not understand why she didn’t â€Å"get† what you were saying or why she reacted a certain way to your words? The way men and women communicate with each other different because of many reasons. In this presentation, I will try my hardest to communicate to you, both men and women, what these differences are and hopefully fulfill you with a better understanding of why we communicate differently and how to break those barriers for your professional and personal lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Differences: Male vs. Female or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. The typical stereotypes. Explain that no way is better, just different. Social Conditioning. (Use personal examples) a. Men are more direct. i. Men tend to be more direct in communicating and look for a solution as quickly as possible b. Women are more emotional and tend to speak in dialogue. ii. Women tend to be more emotionally involved with communicating and feel that the whole picture and different solutions are important. 2. The differences in male and female communication in social settings c. How women build and maintain relationships iii. Women tend to focus on making connections 1. Secrets 2. Relating experiences 3. Discussing options 4. Find commonalities d. How men build and maintain relationships iv. Groups of friends tend to be larger . Do activities rather than conversing vi. More competitive 3. The differences of men and women communicating in a business setting/work environment e. How men communicate in business environment vii. Men want facts 5. Men usually ask fewer questions to stimulate conversation in their work relationships and often end conversations more abruptly than women. viii. Men take one task at a time 6. Men tend to like to focus on one task at a time ix. How men keep status at work 7. Tend to be more literal and use language to establish status 8. Tend to ask less questions to not show they don’t know something 9. Tend to not like to give or receive detailed feedback. Find it criticizing. f. How women communicate in a business/ work setting x. Women’s brains are always â€Å"on† 10. There is more neural activity in the female brain at any given time than in the male brain. Enhances multitasking. xi. Women focus on friendship first 11. For example, female salespeople, they tend to build relationships when they sell. They don’t tend to go into a transaction focused on the final outcome but wanting to build rapport and learn more about the client first. xii. Women remember the little details 12. Females can generally remember more physical and relational details than men. Breaking this Barriers 1. Try to Understand the different styles when communicating with the opposite gender and keep them in mind 2. Actively listen- concentrate on the main points and focus on what is being communicated no matter which way these points are being communicated. 3. Interpret non-verbal clues. In conclusion, men and women’s brains are wired differently and the two genders tend to use two different sides of the brain which in turn leads to many differences in men and women. Communication, whether by a male or female, still has a focus, so find an end result sooner or later. Communication differences between males and females are also most likely due to social conditioning that stem from childhood. I truly feel that there is no right or wrong way to communicate, but understanding the way both genders do so is important for effective communication in business as well as in life. Related article: â€Å"Advice About Communication† How to cite Communication Differences: Male vs. Female, Essay examples

Complex Employment Expectations - Significance And Limitations

Question: Discuss about the Local and Internationalfor Managing Complex Employment Expectations. Answer: The given article illustrates one of the most important factors that dominate the multinational companies in the current world. The agenda of expatriate employment and deployment at assignment in overseas projects are issues that are of major importance for the managements of the modern companies. These assignments can prove to be very profitable for the companies and yet again they can prove to be very expensive for the management as well. This is a realization that has dawned on to the managements of the contemporary business organizations in the very recent times. As a result they are now redesigning their expatriate benefit polices which will help them to manage the flow of expatriate employees at foreign locations and also maintain long term expatriates. The current article illustrates this particular aspect and also deals with concern of managing the expectations of the employees of the company both the national and the immigrant elements(Coursehero, 2016). The paper will deal with this very sensitive and crucial aspect where managing of expatriate employees in a profitable manner is explained and discussed. The article will obviously illustrate the fact that if expatriate employee deployment is not done in an astute manner then the same can also pose a challenge for the company. The discussion will contain a summary of the article and a following section that will explain the research question. Next the paper will explain the theoretical framework and then a section explaining the significance and limitations of the article. The discussion will finally end with a summative conclusion. Summary of the Article: The article illustrates the case of Japanese women Akiko who has been place d in New Delhi for one of the overseas assignment. This had been a great career opportunity for the lady and she was much too satisfied with her work and profile. She had also proven to be an excellent resource of the company and has put up a good performance. However soon due to the career opportunities that have been provided to her husband, she would prefer to move to Singapore instead of moving back to Tokyo(Andresen, 2011). At this point Akiko is informed that this change, if is provided by the company, will bring in a different expatriate benefit policy. As it seems from the explanations that have been provided by Puja Mallik, the HR in New Delhi, that the company and the management is looking forward to an effective handling of the finance resources of the company, As a result expatriates need to move back to their home countries after their tenure of service contract is over. In case they wish to stay back or to move to another country, the benefits that they were drawing initially from the company would see a dramatic change. The new policy will be referred to a local international package. In essence the expatriate in this context will draw a lower salary to what he or she had been drawing as per the income standards of her home country. In this case the remunerative package and the benefit structure would be similar and fitting to the local context. This is a new arrangement that has been done so that the inflow of the expatriate employees can be managed in an effective manner and they are actually being encouraged to return to their home countries after they serve their tenure in the foreign location. This is one of the best options that the company can boost the morale of their local employees, and also cut down the high expenses of maintaining their expatriate employees(Burnes, 2013). The article also deals with a slightly human aspect where the expectations of Akiko come in. This aspect clearly reveals the fact that changing from one location to another can bring a huge number of challenges for the person. These challenges happen to get all the more accentuated, in case the destination of change is a foreign country. Here in come the aspects of adjustment to a foreign environment, language barrier, looking for a suitable environment of growth for children and also managing the career of spouses. In cases where the change is being proposed by the management the benefits and the supports from the company are much more numerous and generous in their bulk. The situation could be quite different in case the expat is looking forward to stay back in the foreign company or move to another due to their own personal reasons. In this context we see that it is in the interest of the company, that the management shall be more generous to their expatriate employees. The discussion also illustrates a very interesting aspect that expatriate employees are proved to be very expensive option for the company management. They are brought from one country to another to serve some operational purpose of the company. These assignments are mainly kept in line for employees who are considered to be top talents of the company and are seen as a way they could be trained and groomed for the international market. This is one of the ways which can increase their skill sets so that they could be used in higher positions and profiles of the company. Nevertheless over entertaining these expatriate employees could actually de-motivate the local employees. This could mean disaster for the company. In the present age of globalization, where companies are making an advent for the international market, most of the global brands have their independent branches all over the world, scattered in the various nations. Hence keeping a totally centralized structure is quite difficult. As a result the management has to acknowledge some amount of authority and independence to the national branches. It is in this context that the local managers and the general employees become very important. Their expectations cannot be thwarted with more indulgence extended to the expatriates. This is yet again one of the reasons why the expats are being encouraged to return to their home countries after their tenure of contract is over. This is critical yet less thought of economical and human angle that is present in all the companies of the modern era. Foreign location deployments are great opportunities but come with a cost for the company. Hence if such relocations are proposed by the expatriate employees they might be met with a slightly inferior policies and contracts by the management. The case of Akiko is an interesting one that illustrates this particular angle and also the fact that the expatriate employees has to deal with a large number of concurrent problems and challenges at the time of relocation. Research Question: The research question in this case can be made from two angles. One can be the angle of the expatriate employee and the other will be that of the company who is bringing expatriate employees to overseas locations. The central research question will be What is the main agenda in the minds of the company management when they send expatriate employees for foreign location deployment. What are the main expectations of the expatriate employees from their managements? Foreign country deployment are those the opportunities for the expat employees or a form of compromise that they put up with(Andresen, 2013). Overseas deployment is considered to be a great opportunity by most of the expatriates. However the aligned considerations of profit making and employee expectation management both in the perspective of the expatriates and also that of the locals are a challenge which is to be managed by the company management on a daily basis. This is an aspect that is illustrated in the current topic. Theoretical Framework: The given article reflects on a the blended aspects of the employee expectations versus that of the profit and the concerns of the company, This article is a classic example where we see that the concerns and the issues of the company as an entity has more preference and receives a greater priority. This is the main reason why an expatriate employee, if is being transferred by the management of the company, draws better benefits from the company when the relocation is required by him. The article is also a great reflection on the subject that managing employee expectations can become quite internally contradictive; especially when both the expatriate employees and the local employees come together(Viksnins, 2010). Significance and Limitations of the Article: The article deals with a highly interesting topic. The article illustrates the very important aspect where we see that the expectations of Akiko are dashed due to the international local expatriate contract. The nature of the contract reveals the fact that expatriate relocation is considered to be an expensive affair and is done only when it is absolutely required. In other cases such transfers are not exactly encouraged. This is due to two reasons, first the change comes with a cost factor and as a result of the same the management has to put upon with many costs. Again it also strikes interesting that such transfers can act as a de-motivating point for the national and the local employees. The article is highly significant in terms of the issue or the angle that it has dealt with. The article illustrates a very particular aspect that is of prime concern to the multinational companies of the modern era. However this is a point that is not always considered in the HR articles of everyday journals. The article illustrates and reveals many thought processes of the managements of the contemporary multinational. It also reveals the thought processes of the expatriates who are relocating from their mother or home countries to foreign places. The article is very useful and gives us a great insight into the various problems and the challenges that are met by and also overcome by the foreign expatriates at the time of moving to a different location. The article has rightly emphasized on the issues of the family husband and daughters of Akiko. In fact in the modern age of globalization where if both the parents are working and are mobile across the world, adjustment for the enti re family and also the children can become a great problem. The article also mentions that how the daughters of Akiko had been taken away from their grandparents. This is again an emotional context that is very much a fact of the current times. It is a hard fact with which all of us have to cope with. The article yet again gives us a good amount of information about the dynamics of the high income countries and the low income countries and salary construction as per this equation. The notion of how expatriates can actually become poorer if they move to another country on their own requirement, if not supported by their managements expatriate policies, is particularly interesting and also highly informative. The article is very well written, composed and quite informative in its data. However the article does not highlight of the situation if Akiko would come back to her country and would not relocate with her husband at Singapore. Conclusions: The article has said earlier deals with a very interesting aspect. It says all about the management thought process when they deal with their expatriate employees. The discussion also treats the concern of the local employees fairly. In the era of globalization where the companies are enlarging their market share, the local employees of various national branches are equally important and their contributions to the company are just as important. As a result they need to be treated in a fair and sensitive manner. The discussion is very insightful into the psyche and the expectations of the expatriate employees along with the various challenges that they might face. The article is also very interesting in its revelations that there are large numbers of expatriates who are actually more interested to stay back in the foreign location instead of going back to their respective countries. The economic disparity between their home and host countries could be one of the prime reasons for the same. References: Andresen, M., 2011. Local and international? Managing complex employment expections. [Online] [Accessed 13 April 2017]. Andresen, M., 2013. International human resource management. [Online] Available at: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bamberg/frontdoor/index/index/year/2013/docId/3975 [Accessed 13 April 2017]. Burnes, M., 2013. Managing complex employment expectations. [Online] Available at: https://prezi.com/bl_rsr7_hbrz/case-5/ [Accessed 13 April 2017]. Coursehero, 2016. Local and International?Managing Complex Employment Expectations. [Online] Available at: https://www.coursehero.com/file/18030252/Seminar-5-Casedocx/ [Accessed 13 April 2017]. Viksnins, A.V., 2010. Managing Employment Expectations of Employee-Shareholders. [Online] Available at: https://mnbenchbar.com/2010/11/managing-employment-expectations-of-employee-shareholders/ [Accessed 13 April 2017].

The Life And Work Of Olafur Eliasson Art Essay Example For Students

The Life And Work Of Olafur Eliasson Art Essay A general visit to an art gallery consists of being able to see a series of objects hanging from the wall or placed upon a base. However, Olafur Eliasson takes the function of seeing an object within a gallery infinite to a whole new degree. Eliasson creates what is known to be as installation art. This modern art signifier is described as an graphics that must be walked through by the viewing audiences to be able to see it wholly. Installation art is set up in a certain country for a short period of clip and is preserved merely through memory and exposure. Olafur believes that his work is non completed until the visitant may see his or her subjective perceptual experience and mediation. Many of his plants use the genitive pronoun your eg: Your Sun Machine ( 1997, Marc Foxx Gallery ) , Your Natural Denudation Inverted ( 1999, Carnegie Museum of Art, ) , Your Black Horizon and Your infinite Embracer, ( 2004, West of Rome ) . With this, he is connoting that the witness must prosecute to the piece and do the connexion as portion of the aesthetics of the installing. We will write a custom essay on The Life And Work Of Olafur Eliasson Art specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I see possible in the witness in the receiving system, the reader, the participator, the spectator, the user. Olafur Eliasson. To Eliasson, this is the perfect scheme to hold the viewer take portion in single consciousness, reflect on the piece and meditate. Olafur Eliasson was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1967. He is Danish-Icelandic and is known to be one of the most celebrated modern-day creative persons of our clip. A His Icelandic nationality is the cast of his influence. Iceland s landscapes and Eliassion s plants are really similar aesthetically talking in the sense that they both portion the same elements. He uses stuffs such as air current, visible radiation, and H2O ( solid, fog, and ice ) that are typical to that of Iceland s landscape. Olafur s plants have been known to mime nature s alone power. He studied at the Royal Danish Academy and majored in Fine Arts. Eliasson created the Studio Olafur Eliasson in Berlin in 1995 ; he used this infinite for research and development. His early pieces were normally photographs of the Icelandic landscape which he subsequently explains helped him hold a fiscal function to back up his hereafter installings. Olafur s graphics chiefly consists of geometric signifiers and analytical lines which enhance the infinite and visible radiation that is being used. Eliasson combines visible radiation, motion and colour in his exhibitions along with the spectator. His work invites his audience to take part into the public kingdom where they may happen their ain minutes of self find. When I make something, which possibly is a work of art, I want this to be in the universe. I want it to be unfeignedly and candidly and responsibly in the universe. I want it to hold an impact somehow. Eliasson explains his purposes for his graphics. As every creative person should, they should experience like they would do a important impact with the universes. However, while making research, I ve noticed that Eliasson s purpose as an creative person is to do infinite tangible. He creates playful plants that demonstrate clip and dimension. An illustration of this are his ill-famed New York City waterfalls. In these pieces he proves the clip it takes for H2O to fall by puting such big unreal waterfalls in a big metropolis such as New York. While the waterfalls represent clip, finally, it is the spectator who can find this depending on the distance and angle. Olafur creates a span to do his audience think about their milieus, and how some objects and environments we perceive on a day-to-day footing are normally seen to be axiomatic. Eliasson s work has besides been known to mime and animate forces of nature and research human perceptual experience. He does this while working with vi sible radiations, shadows, rock, H2O, mist, or obscure to make a specific environment. Eliasson feels that all these elements serve a intent for his installings. For illustration, the simple usage of visible radiation can project a shadow upon a wall for the spectator and can project planar forms on a white wall which would make the semblance of a 3-dimensional infinite. .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e , .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .postImageUrl , .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e , .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e:hover , .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e:visited , .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e:active { border:0!important; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e:active , .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c95ed1c460ac6c51e623b13ce92202e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Do-it-yourself EssayHis work sometimes dwell of skyline lines which non merely are an illustration of miming nature, but besides make the whole piece 3-dimensional and give off a sense of confusion. Eliassion calls this illusive architecture which is when infinite creates an semblance, even though one is cognizant of the walls and infinite environing you. Some work that includes a batch of illusive architecture is the piece Take Your Time ( 2008 ) which fit the thought really good. The spectator feels as if they would wish to populate the infinite for a piece. The installing uses monofrequency visible radiations to wholly cover the room in sunglassess of xanthous and bla ck and intimately involves its dwellers. Another room, Beauty ( 1993 ) consists of a dark room covered in black tiles where a mist falls from the ceiling and creates a rainbow drape to walk through. What s so dramatic about this piece is that it s different every clip and for every individual. Upon sing the installing, what one individual sees as yellow, could be seen as violet for the other individual ; no affair how near these two people may be, the result will ever be different. With this piece, one can truly state that beauty is in the oculus of the perceiver. Another room invites you to wholly plunge yourself within the colour spectrum, 360AÂ ° Room For All Colours ( 2002 ) . The round room blankets the audience with a show of visible radiation that race around the cylindrical wall. A The colourss overlap and create an eternal sum of sunglassess of colour. The installing manages to rearrange your ocular senses from being dependant on one s vision until you realize that your ot her senses take portion in basking the graphics. This piece covers the spectator with nature s colour pallet, which is citing to Eliasson s picture taking from the Icelandic landscape. The Weather Project ( 2003 ) at Tate Modern Museum in London consists of a elephantine Sun made of over 200 xanthous lamps in a semi-circle reflected over mirrors on the ceiling. The mist that covers the museum is made up of H2O and sugar. The installing itself attracted over two million people whom would act curiously in forepart of the ceiling mirrors. Eliasson described this works as seeing yourself seeing. This is one thing I ve noticed about Olafur Eliasson s work, is that it evokes feelings and esthesis. All art has a manner with making emotions. Within the maps of art, there is ever a construct. As a society, most people may appreciate picture taking or movie more because we make connexions and happen it easier to associate to and we re forced to see what the creative person sees. This is why I think installation art is likely non recognized every bit much as picture taking within society. However, the map for art is entirely to be art, otherwise, it s merely a design. Insta llations and exhibition art are meant to state a narrative or evoke emotion, which is what Eliasson s work does in such a simple mode. The work of Olafur Eliasson has given people the thought to see dual. He creates his installings with the purpose of showing vision through the audience s experience with spacial design. With this, the spectator is normally confused about his or her milieus which may take towards contemplation on 1s life. Olafur Eliasson s work is known to be bizarre and has a geometric usage of projections of visible radiation and mirrors, analytical lines and natural elements to confound the spectator s perceptual experience of topographic point and oneself. Eliasson besides creates a foreground sense in each of his plants. When Eliasson transforms a gallery into a infinite of nature, he creates a deep connexion with infinite for the spectator that lets his or her think about their ain senses and life. His work challenges one s head and makes you believe about what you feel when you see the work at first and what you may already cognize. This creates a conflict with perceptual experience and ego. His plants are known to be thought out plants of experiences that make one admiration about what they are seeing, and if what they are seeing is truly at that place. This is why I think Olafur Eliassion stands out the most in the wolrd of environmental installing. He creates installings that make people que stion about their ain spacial consciousness, and I think it s something a individual would hold to see first manus to to the full understand. .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b , .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .postImageUrl , .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b , .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b:hover , .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b:visited , .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b:active { border:0!important; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b:active , .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua0d039dc4053c747c88f4b98e610a08b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Good Man is Hard to Find - Religious Allusions EssayCitations hypertext transfer protocol: //eliasson.com.au/ . Take Your Time. . 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.artdaily.com/index.asp? int_sec=2 A ; int_new=24332. Art Daily .2010. Olafur Eliasson Space Is Process. 2010 Studio Olafur Eliasson: An EncyclopediaA

Virgin Essay Example

Virgin Essay Example Virgin Essay Virgin Essay 289 CASE EXAMPLE The Virgin Group Aidan McQuade Introduction The Virgin Group is one of the UK’s largest private companies. The group included, in 2006, 63 businesses as diverse as airlines, health clubs, music stores and trains. The group included Virgin Galactic, which promised to take paying passengers into sub-orbital space. The personal image and personality of the founder, Richard Branson, were highly bound up with those of the company. Branson’s taste for publicity has led him to stunts as diverse as appearing as a cockney street trader in the US comedy Friends, to attempting a non-stop balloon flight around the world. This has certainly contributed to the definition and recognisability of the brand. Research has showed that the Virgin name was associated with words such as ‘fun’, ‘innovative’, ‘daring’ and ‘successful’. In 2006 Branson announced plans to invest $3bn (A2. 4bn; ? 1. 7bn) in renewable energy. Virgin, through its partnership with a cable company NTL, also undertook an expansion into media challenging publicly the way NewsCorp operated in the UK and the effects on British democracy. The nature and scale of both these initiatives suggests that Branson’s taste for his brand of business remains undimmed. Origins and activities Virgin was founded in 1970 as a mail order record business and developed as a private company in music publishing and retailing. In 1986 the company was floated on the stock exchange with a turnover of ? 250m (A362. 5m). However, Branson became tired of the public listing obligations: he resented making presentations in the City to people whom, he believed, did not understand the business. The pressure to create short-term profit, especially as the share price began to fall, was the final straw: Branson decided to take the business back into private ownership and the shares were bought back at the original offer price. The name Virgin was chosen to represent the idea of the company being a virgin in every business it entered. Branson has said that: ‘The brand is the single most important asset that we have; our ultimate objective is to establish it as a major global name. ’ This does not mean that Virgin underestimates the importance of understanding the businesses that it is branding. Referring to his intent to set up a ‘green’ energy company producing ethanol and cellulosic ethanol fuels in competition with the oil industry, he said, ‘We’re a slightly unusual company in that we go into industries we know nothing about and immerse ourselves. Virgin’s expansion had often been through joint ventures whereby Virgin provided the brand and its partner provided the majority of capital. For example, the Virgin Group’s move into clothing and cosmetics required an initial outlay of only ? 1,000, whilst its partner, Victory Corporation, invested ? 20m. Wi th Virgin Mobile, Virgin built a business by forming partnerships with existing wireless operators to sell services under the Virgin brand name. The carriers’ competences lay in network management. Virgin set out to differentiate itself by offering innovative This case was updated and revised by Aidan McQuade, University of Strathclyde Graduate School of Business, based upon work by Urmilla Lawson. Photo: Steve Bell/Rex Features 290 CHAPTER 7 STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS AND CORPORATE-LEVEL STRATEGY services. Although it did not operate its own network, Virgin won an award for the best wireless operator in the UK. Virgin Fuels appears to be somewhat different in that Virgin is putting up the capital and using the Virgin brand to attract attention to the issues and possibilities that the technology offers. In 2005 Virgin announced the establishment of a ‘quadruple play’ media company providing television, broadband, fixed-line and mobile communications through the merger of Branson’s UK mobile interests with the UK’s two cable companies. This Virgin company would have 9 million direct customers, 1. 5 million more than BSkyB, and so have the financial capacity to compete with BSkyB for premium content such as sports and movies. 1 Virgin tried to expand this business further by making an offer for ITV. This was rejected as undervaluing the company and then undermined further with the purchase of an 18 per cent share of ITV by BSkyB. This prompted Branson to call on regulators to force BSkyB to reduce or dispose of its stake citing concerns that BSkyB would have material influence over the free-to-air broadcaster. 2 Virgin has been described as a ‘keiretsu’ organisation – a structure of loosely linked, autonomous units run by self-managed teams that use a common brand name. Branson argued that, as he expanded, he would rather sacrifice short-term profits for long-term growth of the various businesses. Some commentators have argued that Virgin had become an endorsement brand that could not always offer real expertise to the businesses with which it was associated. However, Will Whitehorn, Director of Corporate Affairs for Virgin, stated, ‘At Virgin we know what the brand means and when we put our brand name on something we are making a promise. ’ Branson saw Virgin adding value in three main ways, aside from the brand. These were their public relations and marketing skills; its experience with greenfield start-ups; and Virgin’s understanding of the opportunities presented by ‘institutionalised’ markets. Virgin saw an ‘institutionalised’ market as one dominated by few competitors, not giving good value to customers because they had become either inefficient or preoccupied with each other. Virgin believed it did well when it identified such complacency and offered more for less. The entry into fuel and media industries certainly conforms to the model of trying to shake up ‘institutionalised’ markets. Corporate rationale In 2006 Virgin still lacked the trappings of a typical multinational. Branson described the Virgin Group as ‘a branded venture capital house’. 3 There was no ‘group’ as such; financial results were not consolidated either for external examination or, so Virgin claimed, for internal use. Its website described Virgin as a family rather than a hierarchy. Its financial operations were managed from Geneva. In 2006 Branson explained the basis upon which he considered opportunities: they have to be global in scope, enhance the brand, be worth doing and have an expectation of a reasonable return on investment. 4 Each business was ‘ring-fenced’, so that lenders to one company had no rights over the assets of another. The ring-fencing seems also to relate not just to provision of financial protection, but also to a business ethics aspect. In an interview in 2006 Branson cricitised supermarkets for selling cheap CDs. His criticism centred on the supermarkets’ use of loss leading on CDs damaging music retailers rather than fundamentally challenging the way music retailers do business. Branson has made it a central feature of Virgin that it shakes up institutionalised markets by being innovative. Loss leading is not an innovative approach. Virgin has evolved from being almost wholly comprised of private companies to a group where some of the companies are publicly listed. Virgin and Branson Historically, the Virgin Group had been controlled mainly by Branson and his trusted lieutenants, many of whom had stayed with him for more than 20 years. The increasing conformity between personal interest and business initiatives could be discerned in the establishment of Virgin Fuels. In discussing his efforts to establish a ‘green’ fuel company in competition with the oil industry Branson made the geopolitical observation that non-oil-based fuels could ‘avoid another Middle East war one day’; Branson’s opposition to the Second Gulf War is well publicised. In some instances the relationship between personal conviction and business interests is less clear cut. Branson’s comments on the threat to British democracy posed by NewsCorp’s ownership of such a large percentage of the British media could be depicted as either genuine concern from a public figure or sour grapes from a business rival just been beaten out of purchasing ITV. More r ecently Branson has been reported as talking about withdrawing from the business ‘which THE VIRGIN GROUP 291 more or less ran itself now’,6 and hoping that his son Sam might become more of a Virgin figurehead. However, while he was publicly contemplating this withdrawal from business, Branson was also launching his initiatives in media and fuel. Perhaps Branson’s idea of early retirement is somewhat more active than most. Corporate performance By 2006 Virgin had, with mixed results, taken on one established industry after another in an effort to shake up ‘fat and complacent business sectors’. It had further set its sights on the British media sector and the global oil industry. Airlines clearly were an enthusiasm of Branson’s. According to Branson, Virgin Atlantic, which was 49 per cent owned by Singapore Airways, was a company that he would not sell outright: ‘There are some businesses you preserve, which wouldn’t ever be sold, and that’s one. ’ Despite some analysts’ worries that airline success could not be sustained given the ‘cyclical’ nature of the business, Branson maintained a strong interest in the industry, and included airline businesses such as Virgin Express (European), Virgin Blue (Australia) and Virgin Nigeria in the group. Branson’s engagement with the search for ‘greener’ fuels and reducing global warming had not led him to ground his fleets. but rather to prompt a debate on measures to reduce carbon emissions from aeroplanes. At the beginning of the twenty-first century the most public problem faced by Branson was Virgin Trains, whose Cross Country and West Coast lines were ranked 23rd and 24th out of 25 train-operating franchises according to the Strategic Rail Authority’s Review in 2000. By 2002 Virgin Trains was reporting profits and paid its first premium to the British government. xperience with any one of the product lines may shun all the others’. However, Virgin argues that its brand research indicates that people who have had a bad experience will blame that particular Virgin company or product but will be willing to use other Virgin products or services, due to the very diversity of the brand. Such brand confidence helps explain why Virgin should even conte mplate such risky and protracted turnaround challenges as its rail company. Sarah Sands recounts that Branson’s mother ‘once proudly boasted that her son would become Prime Minster’. Sands futher commented that she thought his mother underestimated his ambition. 10 With Virgin’s entry into fuel and media and Branson’s declarations that he is taking on the oil corporations and NewsCorp, Sands may ultimately prove to have been precient in her comment. Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Sunday Telegraph, 4 December (2005). Independent, 22 November (2006). Hawkins (2001a, b). PR Newswire Europe, 16 October (2006). Fortune, 6 February (2006). Independent on Sunday, 26 November (2006). Ibid. The Times 1998, quoted in Vignali (2001). Wells (2000). Independent on Sunday, 26 November (2006). Sources: The Economist, ‘Cross his heart’, 5 October (2002); ‘Virgin on the ridiculous’, 29 May (2003); ‘Virgin Rail: tilting too far’, 12 July (2001). P. McCosker, ‘Stretching the brand: a review of the Virgin Group’, European Case Clearing House, 2000. The Times, ‘Virgin push to open up US aviation market’, 5 June (2002); ‘Branson plans $1bn US expansion’, 30 April (2002). Observer, ‘Branson eyes 31bn float for Virgin Mobile’, 18 January (2004). Strategic Direction, ‘Virgin Flies High with Brand Extensions’, vol. 18, no. 10, (October 2002). R. Hawkins, ‘Executive of Virgin Group outlines corporate strategy’ Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, July 29 (2001a). R. Hawkins, ‘Branson in new dash for cash’, Sunday Business, 29 July (2001b); South China Morning Post, ‘Virgin shapes kangaroo strategy aid liberalisation talks between Hong Kong and Australia will determine carrier’s game-plan’, 28 June (2002). C. Vignali, ‘Virgin Cola’, British Food Journal, vol. 103, no. 2 (2001), pp. 31–139. M. Wells, ‘Red Baron’, Forbes Magazine, vol. 166, no. 1, 7 March (2000). The future The beginning of the twenty-first century also saw further expansion by Virgin, from airlines, spa finance and mobile telecoms in Africa, into telecoms in Europe, and into the USA. The public flotation of individual businesses rather than the group as a whole has become an intrinsic part of the ‘juggling’ of finances that underpins Virgin’s expansion. Some commentators have identified a risk with Virgin’s approach: ‘The greatest threat [is] that . . Virgin brand . . . may become associated with failure. ’8 This point was emphasised by a commentator9 who noted that ‘a customer who has a bad enough Questions 1 What is the corporate rationale of Virgin as a group of companies? 2 Are there any relationships of a strategic nature between businesses within the Virgin portfolio? 3 How does the Virgin Group, as a corporate parent, add value to its businesses? 4 What were the main issues facing the Virgin Group at the end of the case and how should they be tackled?

American Civil War - American Civil War Eastern Theater 1863 to 1865

American Civil War - American Civil War Eastern Theater 1863 to 1865 Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page | Civil War 101 Grant Comes East In March 1864, President Abraham Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general and gave him command of all Union armies. Grant elected to turn over operational control of the western armies to Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman and shifted his headquarters east to travel with Maj. Gen. George G. Meades Army of the Potomac. Leaving Sherman with orders to press the Confederate Army of Tennessee and take Atlanta, Grant sought to engage General Robert E. Lee in a decisive battle to destroy the Army of Northern Virginia. In Grants mind, this was the key to ending the war, with the capture of Richmond of secondary importance. These initiatives were to be supported by smaller campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, southern Alabama, and western Virginia. The Overland Campaign Begins the Battle of Wilderness In early May 1864, Grant began moving south with 101,000 men. Lee, whose army numbered 60,000, moved to intercept and met Grant in a dense forest known as the Wilderness. Adjacent to the 1863 Chancellorsville battlefield, the Wilderness soon became a nightmare as the soldiers fought through the dense, burning woods. While Union attacks initially drove the Confederates back, they were blunted and forced to withdrawal by the late arrival of Lt. Gen. James Longstreets corps. Assaulting the Union lines, Longstreet recovered the territory that had been lost, but was severely wounded in the fighting. After three days of the fighting, the battle had turned into a stalemate with Grant having lost 18,400 men and Lee 11,400. While Grants army had suffered more casualties, they comprised a lesser proportion of his army than Lees. As the Grants goal was to destroy Lees army, this was an acceptable outcome. On May 8, Grant ordered the army to disengage, but rather than withdrawal towards Washington, Grant ordered them to continue moving south. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Marching southeast from the Wilderness, Grant headed for Spotsylvania Court House. Anticipating this move, Lee dispatched Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson with Longstreets corps to occupy the town. Beating the Union troops to Spotsylvania, the Confederates constructed an elaborate set of earthworks in the rough shape of an inverted horseshoe with a salient at the northern point known as the Mule Shoe. On May 10, Col. Emory Upton led a twelve regiment, spearhead attack against the Mule Shoe which broke the Confederate line. His assault went unsupported and his men were forced to withdrawal. Despite the failure, Uptons tactics were successful and were later replicated during World War I. Uptons attack alerted Lee to the weakness of the Mule Shoe section of his lines. To reinforce this area, he ordered a second line built across the salients base. Grant, realizing how close Upton had been to succeeding ordered a massive assault on the Mule Shoe for May 10. Led by Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancocks II Corps, the attack overwhelmed the Mule Shoe, capturing over 4,000 prisoners. With his army about to be split in two, Lee led Lt. Gen. Richard Ewells Second Corps into the fray. In a full day and nights fighting, they were able to retake the salient. On the 13th, Lee withdrew his men to the new line. Unable to break through, Grant responded as he did after Wilderness and continued moving his men south. North Anna Lee raced south with his army to assume a strong, fortified position along the North Anna River, always keeping his army between the Grant and Richmond. Approaching the North Anna, Grant realized that he would need to split his army to attack Lees fortifications. Unwilling to do so, he moved around Lees right flank and marched for the crossroads of Cold Harbor. Battle of Cold Harbor The first Union troops arrived at Cold Harbor on May 31 and began skirmishing with the Confederates. Over the next two days the scope of the fighting grew as the main bodies of the armies arrived on the field. Facing the Confederates over a seven mile line, Grant planned a massive assault for dawn on June 3. Firing from behind fortifications, the Confederates butchered the soldiers of the II, XVIII, and IX Corps as they attacked. In the three days of fighting, Grants army suffered over 12,000 casualties as opposed to only 2,500 for Lee. The victory at Cold Harbor was to be the last for the Army of Northern Virginia and haunted Grant for years. After the war he commented in his memoirs, I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made...no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained. The Siege of Petersburg Begins After pausing for nine days at Cold Harbor, Grant stole a march on Lee and crossed the James River. His objective was to take the strategic city of Petersburg, which would cut the supply lines to Richmond and Lees army. After hearing that Grant crossed the river, Lee rushed south. As the lead elements of the Union army approached, they were prevented from entering by Confederate forces under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard. Between June 15-18, Union forces launched a series of attacks, but Grants subordinates failed to push home their assaults and only forced Beauregards men to retire to citys inner fortifications. With the full arrival of both armies, trench warfare ensued, with the two sides facing off in a precursor to World War I. In late June, Grant began a series of battles to extend the Union line west around the south side of the city, with the goal of severing the railroads one by one and overextending Lees smaller force. On July 30, in an effort to break the siege, he authorized the detonation of a mine under the center of the Lees lines. While the blast took the Confederates by surprise, they quickly rallied and beat back the mishandled follow-up assault. Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page | Civil War 101 Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page Civil War 101 Campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley In conjunction with his Overland Campaign, Grant ordered Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to move southwest up the Shenandoah Valley to destroy the rail and supply center of Lynchburg. Sigel began his advance but was defeated at New Market on May 15, and replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter. Pressing on, Hunter won a victory at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5-6. Concerned about the threat posed to his supply lines and hoping to force Grant to divert forces from Petersburg, Lee dispatched Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early with 15,000 men to the Valley. Monocacy Washington After halting Hunter at Lynchburg on June 17-18, Early swept unopposed down the Valley. Entering Maryland, he turned east to menace Washington. As he moved towards the capital, he defeated a small Union force under Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace at Monocacy on July 9. Though a defeat, Monocacy delayed Earlys advance allowing Washington to be reinforced. On July 11 and 12, Early attacked the Washington defenses at Fort Stevens with no success. On the 12th, Lincoln viewed part of the battle from the fort becoming the only sitting president to be under fire. Following his attack on Washington, Early withdrew to the Valley, burning Chambersburg, PA along the way. Sheridan in the Valley To deal with the Early, Grant dispatched his cavalry commander, Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan with an army of 40,000 men. Advancing against Early, Sheridan won victories at Winchester (September 19) and Fishers Hill (September 21-22) inflicting heavy casualties. The decisive battle of the campaign came at Cedar Creek on October 19. Launching a surprise attack at dawn, Earlys men drove the Union troops from their camps. Sheridan, who was away at a meeting in Winchester, raced back to his army and rallied the men. Counterattacking, they broke Earlys disorganized lines, routing the Confederates and forcing them to flee the field. The battle effectively ended the fighting in the Valley as both sides rejoined their larger commands at Petersburg. Election of 1864 As military operations continued, President Lincoln stood for reelection. Partnering with War Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, Lincoln ran on the National Union (Republican) ticket under the slogan Dont Change Horses in the Middle of a Stream. Facing him was his old nemesis Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan who was nominated on a peace platform by the Democrats. Following Shermans capture of Atlanta and Farraguts triumph at Mobile Bay, Lincolns reelection was all but assured. His victory was a clear signal to the Confederacy that there would be no political settlement and that war would be prosecuted to end. In the election, Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to McClellans 21. Battle of Fort Stedman In January 1865, President Jefferson Davis appointed Lee to command of all Confederate armies. With the western armies decimated, this move came too late for Lee to effectively coordinate a defense of the remaining Confederate territory. The situation worsened that month when Union troops captured Fort Fisher, effectively closing the Confederacys last major port, Wilmington, NC. At Petersburg, Grant kept pressing his lines west, forcing Lee to further stretch his army. By mid-March, Lee began to consider abandoning the city and making an effort to link up with Confederate forces in North Carolina. Prior to pulling out, Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon suggested a daring attack on the Union lines with the goal of destroying their supply base at City Point and forcing Grant to shorten his lines. Gordon launched his attack on March 25 and overran Fort Stedman in the Union lines. Despite early success, his breakthrough was quickly contained and his men driven back to their own lines. Battle of Five Forks Sensing Lee was weak, Grant ordered Sheridan to attempt a move around the Confederate right flank to the west of Petersburg. To counter this move, Lee dispatched 9,200 men under Maj. Gen. George Pickett to defend the vital crossroads of Five Forks and the Southside Railroad, with orders to hold them at all hazards. On March 31, Sheridans force encountered Picketts lines and moved to attack. After some initial confusion, Sheridans men routed the Confederates, inflicting 2,950 casualties. Pickett, who was away at a shad bake when the fighting started, was relieved of his command by Lee. The Fall of Petersburg The following morning, Lee informed President Davis that Richmond and Petersburg would have to be evacuated. Later that day, Grant launched a series of massive assaults all along the Confederate lines. Breaking through in numerous places, Union forces forced the Confederates to surrender the city and flee west. With Lees army in retreat, Union troops entered Richmond on April 3, finally achieving one of their principle war goals. The next day, President Lincoln arrived to visit the fallen capital. The Road to Appomattox After occupying Petersburg, Grant began chasing Lee across Virginia with Sheridans men in the lead. Moving west and harried by Union cavalry, Lee hoped to re-supply his army before heading south to link up with forces under Gen. Joseph Johnston in North Carolina. On April 6, Sheridan was able to cut off approximately 8,000 Confederates under Lt. Gen. Richard Ewell at Saylers Creek. After some fighting the Confederates, including eight generals, surrendered. Lee, with fewer than 30,000 hungry men, hoped to reach supply trains that were waiting at Appomattox Station. This plan was dashed when Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George A. Custer arrived in the town and burned the trains. Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page Civil War 101 Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page | Civil War 101 Meeting at Appomattox Court House While most of Lees officers favored surrender, others did not fearing that it would lead to the end of the war. Lee also sought to prevent his army from melting away to fight on as guerrillas, a move that he felt would have long term harm for the country. At 8:00 AM Lee rode out with three of his aides to make contact with Grant. Several hours of correspondence ensued which led to a cease fire and a formal request from Lee to discuss surrender terms. The home of Wilmer McLean, whose house in Manassas had served as Beauregards headquarters during the First Battle of Bull Run, was selected to host the negotiations. Lee arrived first, wearing his finest dress uniform and awaited Grant. The Union commander, who had been suffering a bad headache, arrived late, wearing a worn privates uniform with only his shoulder straps denoting his rank. Overcome by the emotion of the meeting, Grant had difficulty getting to the point, preferring to discuss his previous meeting with Lee during the Mexican-American War. Lee steering the conversation back to the surrender and Grant laid out his terms. Grants Terms of Surrender Grants terms: I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of N. Va. on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate. One copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property to be parked and stacked, and turned over to the officer appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside. In addition, Grant also offered to allow the Confederates to take home their horses and mules for use in the spring planting. Lee accepted Grants generous terms and the meeting ended. As Grant rode away from the McLean house, the Union troops began to cheer. Hearing them, Grant immediately ordered it stopped, stating he did not want his men exalting over their recently defeated foe. End of the War The celebration of Lees surrender was muted by the assassination of President Lincoln on April 14 at Fords Theater in Washington. As some of Lees officers had feared, their surrender was the first of many. On April 26, Sherman accepted Johnstons surrender near Durham, NC, and the other remaining Confederate armies capitulated one by one over the next six weeks. After four years of fighting, the Civil War was finally over. Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page | Civil War 101

Halloween as a Ritual of Reversal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Halloween as a Ritual of Reversal - Essay Example Halloween overcomes the normal order of things in a variety of ways. Some of the costumes include gown black, like bats. This is mostly dressed because they symbolize that bats always operate during the night. Also, bats are thought to be creepy and this put people to think they would symbolize the link with the dead the other common costume symbolizes the black cat this was due to at the end of the autumn season symbolized the act of reincarnation. Most people believed that cats were more close to witches and this also another reason why they would prefer black cats. Others costumes that do come in handy are the skeletons this are perceived to show or portray the link between the living and the dead. The skull is unique in its own as it is used to show courage and not afraid of death. Costumes and masks are dressed to symbolize that during those days one could hide from the evil spirits. The spider web is always common because it shows the stages and process of life as a progress and not a one off thing. Halloween can be a strong tool in bringing America together as one without any discrimination of race it by portraying The USA as people who had a specific origin. It has grown to be so prevalent in The USA by the fact some of its history was found in there. It has been more popular due to the different race that is in America; people of different backgrounds who have met in one country. The influence of the media and social media cannot be

Ideological Racism vs Prejudice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ideological Racism vs Prejudice - Essay Example In the case of the United States, for much of the countrys history, the important institutions were dominated by the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) community. As a result, all other immigrant groups were disadvantaged from the outset. Even among whites, Eastern European ethnic groups and South European communities (the most prominent of which are the Italian Americans) were discriminated against. The challenges were all the more steep for immigrant groups of other races. This includes the Hispanics, African Americans and Asian Americans. A typical example of the potency of ideological racism is the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which barred Chinese immigrants from attaining citizenship. This legislation was prompted by the ideology of the dominant group, the WASPs, who believed in modelling American society on the basis of their traditional values and beliefs. Prejudice, when compared with ideological racism, is relatively unstructured. Prejudice is largely an expression at the individual level, as opposed to ideological racism which is clearly defined and recognized by the entire society. Since prejudice can differ from one individual to the other, and since it does not lend itself to easy definitions, it is tough to study it sociologically. Ideological racism, by virtue of being part of mainstream discourse, as well as being well-documented, gives the sociologist a lot of factual and statistical material to conduct his/her analysis. Seen in this way, ideological racism can be said to be more sociological. Similar logic can be applied in differentiating between institutional discrimination and other forms of discrimination. Institutional discrimination is the blatant expression of prejudiced attitudes and beliefs, which is often backed by legislation. For example, before 1960s, black children were not allowed to register in schools exclusively meant for white children. This policy of segregation was backed by law, which

HCL Corporate Ethics Essay Example for Free

HCL Corporate Ethics Essay * Code of ethics statement:- HCL Core Values: * To uphold the dignity of the individual: In line with HCLT ‘s â€Å"Employees First† philosophy, wherein employees are the organization main focus, they place significant emphasis on the respect and dignity of every HCLT employee. HCLT employees are empowered to drive innovation, transforming client engagements and markedly improving client satisfaction. HCLT believes in valuing employees as individuals (not resources), upholding the dignity of all people and displaying tolerance and respect. * To honor all commitments: They keep their commitments to each other and with every stakeholder. * Commitment to quality, innovation and growth in every endeavor: HCLT is committed to supporting quality processes and employee productivity through a working environment and culture in which they feel appreciated and allow innovation to thrive. * To be responsible corporate citizens: They believe in encouraging a sense of social responsibility and to give back to society. They take pride in being a company with a strong social conscience. They firmly believe that every drop counts and every step aimed at helping the community is an important step. Their commitment to making a positive difference to the community and the environment in which they operate is a sustained effort and not just a one-off initiative. EFCS culture at HCL: They create value in a specific place, the interface between their HCLT employees and their customers. This is called the â€Å"value zone.† The â€Å"Employees First, Customers Second† (EFCS) philosophy is about placing the employees first and customers second to activate the value zone the place where the frontline employees interact with customers and create real value for them. This recognizes employees as the strategic elements, turns the management structure upside down and democratizes HCLT‟s functions and way of working. Every employee who works in the value zone is capable of creating more or less value. The whole intent of EFCS is to do everything that can enable those employees to create the most possible value. This approach has led us to take a number of actions to turn the organizational pyramid upside down. In other words, they want management to be as accountable to the people in the value zone as the people in the value zone are to management. Their recruitment and promotion policies are based on meritocracy and ability to learn, adapt and assimilate change. They ensure equal opportunities irrespective of gender, nationality, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnicity in hiring, pay and/or career advancement. They focus on promoting workplace diversity and have specific supplier vendor diversity programs.

Sanchez Essay -- essays research papers

The short story "Sanchez," written by Richard Dokey, is a story about Juan Sanchez and his family. "Sanchez" is told in many different settings, which are all unique and represent various feelings that Dokey portrays to his readers. The settings are described realistically; they affect Juan and Jesus in personal ways. The settings vary from a small village in Mexico to the Sierra Nevada in California. At first the story is set in Stockton in the San Joaquin Valley. Jesus, Juan's son, got his first job in a cannery called Flotill. Stockton is shown to be a working town where Juan had lived before. To Jesus, Stockton is his future and his hopes are large enough to shield him from the "skid row" section of town. Jesus was to live in a cheap hotel while he worked in the cannery. The hotel was described as stained, soiled, and smelly (151). Jesus is proud of his room and his job, but Juan only sees them as disappointing. Stockton, for Juan, brings back memories of hard work and time away from his wife, La Belleza. La Belleza was the prime focus of Juan's life and if he was away from her, he definitely wasn't happy; this is why Juan has bad feelings for Stockton. From the hotel, we, as readers, are taken through the town of Stockton. There are torn buildings and rubble all over the place. A "warm and dirty" pool hall was Jesus' "entertainment" (152). This smoky pool hall was recreation for Jesu... Sanchez Essay -- essays research papers The short story "Sanchez," written by Richard Dokey, is a story about Juan Sanchez and his family. "Sanchez" is told in many different settings, which are all unique and represent various feelings that Dokey portrays to his readers. The settings are described realistically; they affect Juan and Jesus in personal ways. The settings vary from a small village in Mexico to the Sierra Nevada in California. At first the story is set in Stockton in the San Joaquin Valley. Jesus, Juan's son, got his first job in a cannery called Flotill. Stockton is shown to be a working town where Juan had lived before. To Jesus, Stockton is his future and his hopes are large enough to shield him from the "skid row" section of town. Jesus was to live in a cheap hotel while he worked in the cannery. The hotel was described as stained, soiled, and smelly (151). Jesus is proud of his room and his job, but Juan only sees them as disappointing. Stockton, for Juan, brings back memories of hard work and time away from his wife, La Belleza. La Belleza was the prime focus of Juan's life and if he was away from her, he definitely wasn't happy; this is why Juan has bad feelings for Stockton. From the hotel, we, as readers, are taken through the town of Stockton. There are torn buildings and rubble all over the place. A "warm and dirty" pool hall was Jesus' "entertainment" (152). This smoky pool hall was recreation for Jesu...

Media Impact on the Society Analyzed Using Conflict Theory Essay

According to the Conflict theory of sociology, the defining quality of human societies has always been the existence of different classes of people in the society and conflicts of interest between these classes of people. In the United States, wealth and power are concentrated in the hands of a comparatively few wealthy families. The interests of this relatively small but wealthy and politically powerful class of people is always under threat from the masses at large, therefore institutionalized mechanisms exist in the government and society, that allow the rich to retain their wealth and power and the poor to remain poor and non-influential (Mantsios). The media is one such tool for perpetuating the power of the rich. More than half of all the mass media outlets such as newspapers, magazines and movie studios are owned by just 23 large corporations which are in turn, under the control of the upper class. It is not surprising therefore that the media engages in advocacy for the rich and for the continuance of the status quo in the economic, political and social order (Mantsios). The basic strategy followed in the media in order to prevent the masses from rising against the inequalities of the political and social system is ‘divide and conquer’. This does not necessarily have to be a conscious decision on the part of the media administrators; rather it may simply be a manifestation of the ideology that drives media owners. The media engages in inciting the larger part of the lower classes, which are relatively better-off sections of against those sections of the society which face extreme poverty and destitution. They are painted as threats to a common person’s security, as parasites living off the taxpayer’s money and in general as people who are poor through their own bad lifestyle choices (Mantsios). The rich on the other hand are portrayed as benevolent although their corporations engage in practices which are greatly harmful to the common person and are often responsible for the destruction of the livelihood of the poor especially small businesses. Their wealth is portrayed to be the result of hard work and effort even though the rich receive a far larger share of the taxpayer’s money in the form of agricultural subsidies etc. (Mantsios) The media humanizes the rich by exploring minute aspects of their personal lives and dehumanizes the poor as a violent, lazy and criminal class (Mantsios). The rich are depicted as people with interesting personality quirks and eccentricities but ultimately harmless, those few among the rich who are convicted of criminal behavior are written off as ‘a few bad apples’. In this way the harmful effects of the endemic social stratification in American society and the harmful actions engaged in by upper class oligarchs are glossed over or ignored (Mantsios). Social Stratification Social Stratification is the division of the individuals in a society in observable classes in accordance with their societal influence and wealth. Different societies have different levels of rigidity in their social order. The more socially stratified a society, the less common it becomes for a person born in a lower class to rise up to a higher class through their own efforts (Domhoff). An extreme example of social stratification was the traditional caste system in Hindu society. This system forced people to adopt the trade of their ancestors. Thus priestly families would only produce more priests, soldier families would produce soldiers, servant families would produce only servants and the untouchable outcast families would produce only outcasts. In the United States, one of the manifestations of social stratification can be observed in the education system. The effect of social status can clearly be seen in students’ performance in standardized tests. On average students from high income families have much higher SAT scores than students from low income families (Mantsios, Class in America: Myths and Realities). Another aspect of social stratification is in the job market, people whose parents were blue collar workers are far more likely to be blue collar workers. The people in the upper class on the other hand tend to remain upper class (Domhoff). According to Marxist thought, social stratification arose out of the unequal economic infrastructure of a society; one class owned the means of production and the other class was forced to sell their labor to them. In Marxist thought, the social classes were in perpetual conflict. Marx viewed history as one long struggle of the under classes against the privileges in societal infrastructure that the over classes had built for themselves. Marx viewed the abolition of monarchy as one step in the destruction of over class privilege, now it was no longer acceptable for an upper class to assert its right to rule everyone else based on divine authority, however ‘wage slavery’ persisted i.e. the lower classes’ were still obliged to sell their labor to those who owned the means of production, in order to survive. According to Marxist thought the abolition of private ownership was the next step in evolution of a society without social stratification. Revolutionary, Reform, Conservative and Reactionary Social Movements Social movement can be divided into four typed in accordance with their primary characteristics: Revolutionary social movements are movements that intent to bring political upheaval and radical social change to the society. Revolutionary movements often seek to bring about greater social equality and to remove one individual, family, ethnicity or social class’ monopoly on power and wealth. For example the Abolitionist movement in the American South sought to bring an end to the endemic social institution of slavery. Reform movements seek to bring about positive changes in the social order while not attempting to radically threaten the existing social hierarchy. An example of a reform movement would be a movement that called for better treatment of slaves rather than an end to slavery. Conservative movements seek to perpetuate the existing social order and to resist the influences which they view as threatening to the status quo. The work of pro-slavery preachers in the antebellum American South may be viewed as a conservative movement. Reactionary movements are radical and often violent expressions of opposition to changes taking place in a society, the Southern insurrectionist movement is an example of a reactionary movement. The Hip Hop movement among urban African Americans cannot be neatly fitted into any of these molds. Hip hop may be regarded as reactionary to the extent that it was a reaction to the destruction of the traditional African American social order by outside capitalist forces (Rose). Hip Hop can be regarded as revolutionary movement due to the often radical message of black empowerment that some of the song lyrics convey. Hip Hop can be regarded as a reform movement due to the fact the main exponents of the movement have neither the means and nor the serious inclinations for bringing about radical change. Hip Hop may be viewed as a conservative movement due to the fact that it seeks to perpetuate some social inequalities such as patriarchy (Rose). In short Hip Hop is merely a tool for the voiceless to voice their frustrations and concerns, its value as a cohesive movement to bring about any positive change in the African American community is doubtful. Gender Socialization Gender socialization is the progressive assimilation of a person into the society by adoption of behaviors which the society considers appropriate for his or her gender. The process of gender socialization is initiated at a young age and little girls and boys are taught to behave differently (Lorber). Often the means of gender socialization are quite subtle and may not even be realized by parents or guardians who oversee and enforce the process. A classical example of gender socialization is parents getting dolls for little girls and guns for little boys. This insidiously teaches little girls that their role in life is to be nurturers and to dress well and look nice while boys learn that resorting to violence is a socially appropriate behavior for them. Being male and female is thus an adopted societal role that is forced upon an individual by society and to be socially appropriate an individual must constantly â€Å"do gender† (Lorber). This process of â€Å"doing gender† is especially exhausting to those individuals who do not feel sufficiently male or female, do not strictly identify with any gender or identify with a different gender than the one considered appropriate for them by the society (Lucal). In â€Å"What It Means to be Gendered Me†, Betsy Lucal, a tall female with a male appearance faces many difficulties. She is challenged when trying to use the ladies toilet, service staff addresses her as ‘sir’ and she is suspected of fraud when attempting to use her credit card (Lucal). She finds that when she is with her brother, young women try to flirt with her, believing them to be two unattached young men, and when she is with her female friends, people tend to think of them as a heterosexual couples (Lucal).

The History of Caklempong

Caklempong traditional music is said to have brought to Malaya by the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra settled in Negeri Sembilan as early as the 14th century. Minangkabau society call the caklempong as talempong. (Source: Abdul Samad Idris, 1970) In the earlier tradition, other than the purpose for fun, caklempong was also played as an important role in everyday life, such as integrating the Minang community residents besides being played during the ceremony of the coronation of the Sultan.Today, caklempong is famously being played for various purposes including the wedding ceremony, opening, entertainment, music accompaniment silat martial, dance and more. Music of caklempong has now been received by the plural society in Malaysia as the nation's musical heritage. Caklempong is now being taught at institutions across the country with a view to inculcate the spirit of love of traditional music in Malaysia THE MUSIC OF CAKLEMPONG Caklempong is included in the group Idiofon (Idiopho ne) that is in the category of musical instruments made of metal, wood, bamboo and coconut shells.It is usually played by hitting, impacting, shaking and pounding. Among the instruments included in this classification are gong, saron (gamelan) bonang (caklempong) kenong (gamelan) angklung, and xylophone. Bonang caklempong has a shape like a small gong made of bronze, 16cm in diameter, 8-10 cm high and 2. 5cm in height cembol midst. Originally, caklempong is played in a pentatonic scale of notation C, D, E, F and G, but it has now include all of the other notations that are A, Bb and B. The complete set of caklempong consists of the following: GeretehGereteh consists of 15 Bonang was written in the tone one octave C Major, including seven not options in the two parallel lines with the 1st line having 8 bonang, while the 2nd line having 7 bonang. Gereteh plays the role of playing the main melody. There are two sets Gereteh in a complete set caklempong. Gereteh Tingkah Tingkah consists of eight pieces that begins with E, F, G, A, Bb, B, C and D. Tingkah focuses on controlling the pace and rhythm produced by the beating of drums. Saua Similar to tingkah, saua consists of eight pieces of bonang. The only difference between tingkah and saua is the way they are played.Saua is played by Ostinato rhythm patterns and moving melodies in the code. Ostinato the notation of saua starts from the note low E. Tingkah / Saua Drum Tambor drum or timber usually made of jackfruit. Leather used is the skin of cattle or buffalo skin. Drum vibration have low (bass) sound. One is known as gendang ibu and the other is known as gendang anak. The role of gendang ibu is to control the tempo whilst the gendang anak creates the dynamic of a certain arrangement. Drum Wooden Armatur The wooden pounder of caklempong is about 22 centimeters long.One third of the wooden pounder is wrapped with rope to the top so that when the sound not too loud when knocking. Wooden Armatur ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Mus ic is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. Rhythm is the flow of music through time. Rhythm has several interrelated aspects: beat, meter, accent and syncopation, and tempo. Beat: is a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time.When you clap your hands or tap your foot to music, you are responding to its beat. A note may last a fraction of a beat, an entire beat, or more than a beat. More specifically, rhythm can be defined as the particular arrangement of note lengths in a piece of music. The rhythm of a melody is an essential feature of its personality. Meter: In music we find a repeated pattern of a strong beat plus one or more weaker beats. The organization of beats into regular groups is called meter. A group containing a fixed number of beats is called a m easure.There are several types of meter, which are based on the number of beats in a measure. When a measure has 2 beats, it is in duple meter; we count 12, 12, The first, or stressed, beat of the measure is known as the downbeat. A pattern of 3 beats to the measure is known as triple meter. All waltzes are in triple meter, we count 123, 123, etc. Another basic metrical pattern is quadruple meter, which has 4 beats to the measure. As usual, the downbeat is strongest; but there is another stress on the third beat, which is stronger than the second and fourth beats and weaker than the first: 1234, 1234.Upbeat: It is an unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat. Sextuple meter contains six rather quick beats to the measure. The downbeat is strongest, and the fourth beat also receives a stress: 123456. Quintuple meter, with 5 beats to the measure, and septuple meter, with 7 beats to the measure, occur frequently in twentieth-century music and are found occasionally in earlier music. Each of these meters combines duple and triple meter. In quintuple meter, for example, the measure is subdivided into groups of 2 and 3 beats: 123/45 or 12/345.Accent and Syncopation: An important aspect of rhythm is the way individual notes are stressedhow they get special emphasis. A note is emphasized most obviously by being played louder than the notes around it, that is, by receiving a dynamic accent. When an accented note comes where we normally would not expect one, the effect is known as syncopation. A syncopation also occurs when a weak beat is accented, as in 1234 or 1234. Tempo: is the speed of the beat, the basic pace of the music. A fast tempo is associated with a feeling of energy, drive, and excitement.A slow tempo often contributes to a solemn, lyrical, or calm mood. A tempo indication is usually given at the beginning of a piece. As with dynamics, the terms that show tempo (at the left) are in Italian. largo| very slow, broad| grave| very slow, solemn| adagio| slow| anda nte| moderately slow, a walking pace| moderato| moderate| allegretto| moderately fast| allegro| fast| vivace| lively| presto| very fast| prestissimo| as fast as possible| Qualifying words are sometimes added to tempo indications to make them more specific. The two most commonly used are molto (much) and non troppo (not too much).We thus get phrases like allegro molto (very fast) and allegro non troppo (not too fast). A gradual quickening of tempo may be indicated by writing accelerando (becoming faster), and a gradual slowing down of tempo by ritardando (becoming slower). An accelerando, especially when combined with a rise in pitch and volume, increases excitement, and a ritardando is associated with less tension and a feeling of conclusion. Metronome, an apparatus which produces ticking sounds or flashes of light at any desired musical speed. The metronome setting indicates the exact number of beats per minute.Melody: After hearing a piece of music, we usually remember its melody best. melody is a series of single tones which add up to a recognizable whole. A melody begins, moves, and ends; it has direction, shape, and continuity. The up-and-down movement of its pitches conveys tension and release, expectation and arrival. This is the melodic curve, or line. -A melody moves by small intervals called steps or by larger ones called leaps. A step is the interval between two adjacent tones in the do-re-mi scale (from do to re, re to mi, etc. ). Any interval larger than a step is a leap (do to mi, for example).Besides moving up or down by step or leap, a melody may simply repeat the same note. -A melodys range is the distance between its lowest and highest tones. Range may be wide or narrow. -Melodies written for instruments tend to have a wider range than those for voices, and they often contain wide leaps and rapid notes that would be difficult to sing. How the tones of a melody are performed can vary its effect, too. Sometimes they are sung or played in a smoo th, connected style called legato. Or they may be performed in a short, detached manner called staccato.Spiccato: it is a technique used only by string instruments to performe very short notes. -Many melodies are made up of shorter parts called phrases. -A resting place at the end of a phrase is called a cadence. Incomplete cadence: Â  sets up expectations; the second phrase ends with a Complete cadence: Â  gives an answer, a sense of finality. Often the highest tone of a melody will be the climax, the emotional focal point. -A repetition of a melodic pattern on a higher or lower pitch is called a sequence. This is an impelling device of varied repetition that gives a melody a strong sense of direction.Frequently, a melody will serve as the starting point for a more extended piece of music and, in stretching out, will go through all kinds of changes. This kind of melody is called a theme. When folksingers accompany themselves on a guitar, they add support, depth, and richness to t he melody. We call this harmonizing. Most music in western culture is a blend of melody and harmony. Harmony: refers to the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other. -A chord is a combination of three or more tones sounded at once.Essentially, a chord is a group of simultaneous tones, and a melody is a series of individual tones heard one after another. Consonance and Dissonance Some chords have been considered stable and restful, others unstable and tense. -A tone combination that is stable is called a consonance. Consonances are points of arrival, rest, and resolution. -A tone combination that is unstable is called a dissonance. -A dissonance has its resolution when it moves to a consonance. When this resolution is delayed or accomplished in unexpected ways, a feeling of drama, suspense, or surprise is created.In this way a composer plays with the listeners sense of expectation. -Dissonant chords are active and move music forward. Traditionally they have been cons idered harsh and have been used in music that expresses pain, grief, and conflict. Now that consonance and dissonance have been defined, be aware that they can exist in varying degrees. Some consonant chords are more stable than others, and some dissonant chords are more tense than others. Dissonant chords have been used with increasing freedom over the centuries, so that often a chord considered intolerably harsh in one period has later come to seem rather mild.The Triad A great variety of chords have been used in music. Some chords consist of three different tones; others have four, five, or even more. Depending on their makeup, chords sound simple or complex, calm or tense, bright or dark. The simplest, most basic chord is the triad (pronounced try-ad), which consists of three tones. The bottom tone is called the root; the others are a third and a fifth above the root. -A triad built on the first, or tonic, note of the scale (do) is called the tonic chord. The triad built on the fifth note of the scale (sol) is next in importance to the tonic.It is called the dominant chord (sol-ti-re). The dominant chord is strongly pulled toward the tonic chord. This attraction has great importance in music. A dominant chord sets up tension that is resolved by the tonic chord. A progression from dominant chord to tonic chord is called a cadence. The word cadence means both the resting point at the end of a melodic phrase and a chord progression that gives a sense of conclusion. Broken Chords (Arpeggios): When the individual tones of a chord are sounded one after another, it is called a broken chord, or arpeggio.Arpeggios may appear in the melody or in the accompaniment. -The central tone is the keynote, or tonic, of the melody. When a piece is in the key of C, for example, C is the keynote, or tonic. The keynote can also be E, or A, or any of the twelve tones that fill the octave in western music. Key: involves not only a central tone but also a central scale and chord. A piece in the key of C has a basic scale, do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do, with C as its do, or tonic. Key, then, refers to the presence of a central note, scale, and chord within a piece.Another term for key is tonality. After 1900, some composers abandoned the traditional system, but even today much of the music we hear is built around a central tone, chord, and scale. Practically all familiar melodies are built around a central tone. The other tones of the melody gravitate toward this central one. Since the central tone is especially stable and restful, a melody usually ends on it. Modulation: Change of Key Shifting from one key to another within the same piece is called modulation. A modulation is like a temporary shift in the center of gravity.When the music starts out in the key of C major, for instance, C is the central tone, and the C major scale and chord predominate. With a modulation to G major, G temporarily becomes the central tone, and the G major scale and chord are now the main ones. Though modulations are sometimes subtle and difficult to spot, they produce subconscious effects that increase our enjoyment of the music. Texture: homophonic, Polyphonic, Monophonic Polyphonic Texture Simultaneous performance of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest produces the texture called polyphonic, meaning having many sounds.In polyphony several melodic lines compete for attention. (When several jazz musicians improvise different melodies at once, they produce polyphony. ) The technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole is called counterpoint. The term contrapuntal texture is sometimes used in place of polyphonic texture Polyphonic music often contains imitation, which occurs when a melodic idea is presented by one voice or instrument and is then restated immediately by another voice or instrument.Homophonic Texture: When we hear one main melody accompanied by chords, the texture is homophonic. Monophonic Texture: When we hear one main melody without accompaniment, the texture is monophonic. Form: in music is the organization of musical elements in time. In a musical composition, pitch, tone color, dynamics, rhythm, melody, and texture interact to produce a sense of shape and structure.